F1Data Protection Act 1998
1998 CHAPTER 29cross-notes
An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information.
[16th July 1998]
Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
case F1Part I Preliminary
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Aven & Ors v Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd[2020] EWHC 1812 (QB)
- Secretary of State for Home Department, R (on the application of) v The Information Tribunal[2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin)
case F11 Basic interpretative provisions.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (76)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- In the matter of an application by JR38 for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland)[2015] UKSC 42
- South Lanarkshire Council v The Scottish Information Commissioner[2013] UKSC 55
- Common Services Agency (Appellants) v Scottish Information Commissioner (Respondent) (Scotland)[2008] UKHL 47
- In the matter of the Baronetcy of Pringle of Stichill[2016] UKPC 16
and 71 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F12 Sensitive personal data.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (49)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- AB v Her Majesty’s Advocate[2017] UKSC 25
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- In the matter of an application by JR38 for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland)[2015] UKSC 42
- Common Services Agency (Appellants) v Scottish Information Commissioner (Respondent) (Scotland)[2008] UKHL 47
and 44 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F13 The special purposes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (8)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- Sugar (Deceased) (Represented by Fiona Paveley) v British Broadcasting Corporation and another[2012] UKSC 4
- Google Inc v Vidal-Hall & Ors[2015] EWCA Civ 311
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
- Department of Health, R (on the application of) v Information Commissioner[2011] EWHC 1430 (Admin)
and 3 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F14 The data protection principles.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (58)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants[2020] UKSC 12
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- R (on the application of Catt) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and another[2015] UKSC 9
- Common Services Agency (Appellants) v Scottish Information Commissioner (Respondent) (Scotland)[2008] UKHL 47
and 53 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F15 Application of Act.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Douglas & Ors v Hello! Ltd.& Ors[2003] EWCA Civ 139
- Southern Pacific Personal Loans Ltd, Re[2013] EWHC 2485 (Ch)
case F16 The Commissioner . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Ben Peter Delo, R (on the application of) v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2022] EWHC 3046 (Admin)
- Davis & Ors, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for the Home Department & Ors[2015] EWHC 2092 (Admin)
case F1Part II Rights of data subjects and others
Cases considering this provision (4)
- Chowdhury v Secretary of State for the Home Office & Ors[2024] EWHC 844 (KB)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
- Gurieva & Anor v Community Safety Development (UK) Ltd[2016] EWHC 643 (QB)
- Secretary of State for Home Department, R (on the application of) v The Information Tribunal[2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin)
case F17 Right of access to personal data.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (75)
- R (on the application of Catt) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and another[2015] UKSC 9
- Common Services Agency (Appellants) v Scottish Information Commissioner (Respondent) (Scotland)[2008] UKHL 47
- Veronica Strain, R (on the application of) v The Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police[2023] EWCA Civ 240
- Michael, R (on the application of) v HMP Whitemoor & Anor[2020] EWCA Civ 29
- Butt, R (On the Application Of) v The Secretary of State for the Home Department[2019] EWCA Civ 256
and 70 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F18 Provisions supplementary to section 7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (17)
- Common Services Agency (Appellants) v Scottish Information Commissioner (Respondent) (Scotland)[2008] UKHL 47
- Secretary of State for the Home Department & Anor v TLU & Anor[2018] EWCA Civ 2217
- Ittihadieh v 5-11 Cheyne Gardens RTM Company Ltd& Ors[2017] EWCA Civ 121
- Dawson - Damer & Ors v Taylor Wessing LLP[2017] EWCA Civ 74
- Ezsias v Welsh Ministers[2008] EWCA Civ 874
and 12 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F19 Application of section 7 where data controller is credit reference agency.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Budd v Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education[2010] EWHC 1056 (Admin)
F19A Unstructured personal data held by public authorities.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F110 Right to prevent processing likely to cause damage or distress.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (24)
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- R (on the application of Catt) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and another[2015] UKSC 9
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2018] EWCA Civ 1780
- Halliday v Creation Consumer Finance Ltd (CCF)[2013] EWCA Civ 333
- Sube & Anor v News Group Newspapers Ltd & Anor (Rev 1)[2020] EWHC 1125 (QB)
and 19 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F111 Right to prevent processing for purposes of direct marketing.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- RTM v Bonne Terre Limited & Anor[2025] EWHC 111 (KB)
- Johnson v The Medical Defence Union Ltd (1)[2004] EWHC 2509 (Ch)
case F112 Rights in relation to automated decision-taking.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2018] EWCA Civ 1780
- Johnson v The Medical Defence Union Ltd (1)[2004] EWHC 2509 (Ch)
F112A Rights of data subjects in relation to exempt manual data.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F113 Compensation for failure to comply with certain requirements.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (80)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants[2020] UKSC 12
- R (on the application of Catt) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and another[2015] UKSC 9
- Meta Platforms Inc & Ors v Dr Liza Lovdahl Gormsen[2026] EWCA Civ 993
- RTM v Bonne Terre Limited & Anor[2026] EWCA Civ 488
and 75 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F114 Rectification, blocking, erasure and destruction.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (29)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- R (on the application of Catt) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and another[2015] UKSC 9
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2019] EWCA Civ 1599
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2018] EWCA Civ 1780
and 24 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F115 Jurisdiction and procedure.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (16)
- Kennedy v The National Trust for Scotland[2019] EWCA Civ 648
- Ittihadieh v 5-11 Cheyne Gardens RTM Company Ltd& Ors[2017] EWCA Civ 121
- Dawson - Damer & Ors v Taylor Wessing LLP[2017] EWCA Civ 74
- Durham County Council v Dunn[2012] EWCA Civ 1654
- Durant v Financial Services Authority[2003] EWCA Civ 1746
and 11 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F1Part III Notification by data controllers
Cases considering this provision (1)
- A, R (On the Application of) v Chief Constable of B Constabulary[2012] EWHC 2141 (Admin)
case F116 Preliminary.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
case F117 Prohibition on processing without registration.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- In the matter of the Baronetcy of Pringle of Stichill[2016] UKPC 16
- Murray v Express Newspapers Plc & Anor[2007] EWHC 1908 (Ch)
case F118 Notification by data controllers.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
case F119 Register of notifications.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
- Murray v Express Newspapers Plc & Anor[2007] EWHC 1908 (Ch)
case F120 Duty to notify changes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
case F121 Offences.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Shepherd v The Information Commissioner[2019] EWCA Crim 2
- Murray v Express Newspapers Plc & Anor[2007] EWHC 1908 (Ch)
F122 Preliminary assessment by Commissioner.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F123 Power to make provision for appointment of data protection supervisors.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F124 Duty of certain data controllers to make certain information available.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Shepherd v The Information Commissioner[2019] EWCA Crim 2
F125 Functions of Commissioner in relation to making of notification regulations.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F126 Fees regulations.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F1Part IV Exemptions
Cases considering this provision (7)
- Cooper v National Crime Agency[2019] EWCA Civ 16
- WM Morrison Supermarkets Plc v Various Claimants[2018] EWCA Civ 2339
- Chowdhury v Secretary of State for the Home Office & Ors[2024] EWHC 844 (KB)
- Aven & Ors v Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd[2020] EWHC 1812 (QB)
- Kololo v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis[2015] EWHC 600 (QB)
and 2 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F127 Preliminary.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (15)
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- Cooper v National Crime Agency[2019] EWCA Civ 16
- Ittihadieh v 5-11 Cheyne Gardens RTM Company Ltd& Ors[2017] EWCA Civ 121
- CLG & Ors v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police[2015] EWCA Civ 836
- Johnson v Medical Defence Union[2007] EWCA Civ 262
and 10 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F128 National security.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (7)
- Chowdhury v Secretary of State for the Home Office & Ors[2024] EWHC 844 (KB)
- Robert Fryers & Anor v The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland[2024] UKUT 48 (AAC)
- Aven & Ors v Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd[2020] EWHC 1812 (QB)
- X, Y and Z (Disclosure to the Security Service)[2016] EWHC 2400 (Fam)
- Kololo v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis[2015] EWHC 600 (QB)
and 2 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F129 Crime and taxation.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (23)
- In the matter of an application by JR38 for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland)[2015] UKSC 42
- R (on the application of Catt) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and another[2015] UKSC 9
- R v Chief Constable of Suffolk Constabulary and another[2014] UKSC 37
- The 3Million & Anor, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for the Home Department & Anor[2023] EWCA Civ 1474
- Bhatti& Ors v R.[2015] EWCA Crim 1305
and 18 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F130 Health, education and social work.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Roberts v Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust[2008] EWHC 1934 (QB)
case F131 Regulatory activity.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- London Borough of Waltham Forest v PO[2022] UKUT 58 (AAC)
- Aaalamani, R (on the application of) v General Medical Council[2003] EWHC 347 (Admin)
case F132 Journalism, literature and art.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (18)
- Sugar (Deceased) (Represented by Fiona Paveley) v British Broadcasting Corporation and another[2012] UKSC 4
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2018] EWCA Civ 1780
- Halliday v Creation Consumer Finance Ltd (CCF)[2013] EWCA Civ 333
- Johnson v Medical Defence Union[2007] EWCA Civ 262
- Campbell v MGN Ltd[2002] EWCA Civ 1373
and 13 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F133 Research, history and statistics.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Department of Health, R (on the application of) v Information Commissioner[2011] EWHC 1430 (Admin)
case F133A Manual data held by public authorities.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Department of Health, R (on the application of) v Information Commissioner[2011] EWHC 1430 (Admin)
case F134 Information available to the public by or under enactment.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Igroup Ltd. v Ocwen (An UnLtd. Company) & Ors[2003] EWHC 2431 (Ch)
case F135 Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (29)
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- R (on the application of Catt) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and another[2015] UKSC 9
- The Rugby Football Union v Consolidated Information Services Limited (Formerly Viagogo Limited) (In Liquidation)[2012] UKSC 55
- Cooper v National Crime Agency[2019] EWCA Civ 16
- Criminal Practice Directions 2015 (Amendment No. 6)[2018] EWCA Crim 516
and 24 more in the case-law panel for this provision
F135A Parliamentary privilege.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F136 Domestic purposes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (3)
- Ittihadieh v 5-11 Cheyne Gardens RTM Company Ltd& Ors[2017] EWCA Civ 121
- KJO v XIM[2011] EWHC 1768 (QB)
- Imerman v Tchenguiz & Ors[2009] EWHC 2024 (QB)
case F137 Miscellaneous exemptions.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (3)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
- Holyoake v Candy & Anor[2017] EWHC 52 (QB)
- Ranger v The House of Lords Appointments Commission[2015] EWHC 45 (QB)
case F138 Powers to make further exemptions by order.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F139 Transitional relief.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F1 Part V Enforcement
Cases considering this provision (3)
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- TD, R (on the application of) v The Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis & Anor[2013] EWHC 2231 (Admin)
- Secretary of State for Home Department, R (on the application of) v The Information Tribunal[2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin)
case F140 Enforcement notices.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (8)
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- W, X, Y And Z, R (on the application of) v The Secretary of State for Health & Ors[2015] EWCA Civ 1034
- Google Inc v Vidal-Hall & Ors[2015] EWCA Civ 311
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
- Kelway, R (on the application of) v The Upper Tribunal (Administrative Appeals Chamber)[2013] EWHC 2575 (Admin)
and 3 more in the case-law panel for this provision
case F141 Cancellation of enforcement notice.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Aaalamani, R (on the application of) v General Medical Council[2003] EWHC 347 (Admin)
F141A Assessment notices
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F141B Assessment notices: limitations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F141C Code of practice about assessment notices
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F142 Request for assessment.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (5)
- W, X, Y And Z, R (on the application of) v The Secretary of State for Health & Ors[2015] EWCA Civ 1034
- Ben Peter Delo, R (on the application of) v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2022] EWHC 3046 (Admin)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
- Ali & Anor R (on the application of) v Minister for the Cabinet Office the Statistics Board[2012] EWHC 1943 (Admin)
- Secretary of State for Home Department, R (on the application of) v The Information Tribunal[2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin)
case F143 Information notices.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (3)
- The Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland v The Information Commissioner[2025] UKUT 251 (AAC)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
- Secretary of State for Home Department, R (on the application of) v The Information Tribunal[2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin)
case F144 Special information notices.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
case F145 Determination by Commissioner as to the special purposes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (4)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2018] EWCA Civ 1780
- Sube & Anor v News Group Newspapers Ltd & Anor (Rev 1)[2020] EWHC 1125 (QB)
- Sube & Anor v News Group Newspapers Ltd & Anor[2018] EWHC 1234 (QB)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
F146 Restriction on enforcement in case of processing for the special purposes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F147 Failure to comply with notice.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Shepherd v The Information Commissioner[2019] EWCA Crim 2
case F148 Rights of appeal.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (5)
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
- Derek Moss v Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames & Anor.[2023] EWHC 27 (KB)
- Green v Group Ltd & Ors[2019] EWHC 954 (Ch)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
- Secretary of State for Home Department, R (on the application of) v The Information Tribunal[2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin)
case F149 Determination of appeals.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Doorstep Dispensaree Limited v The Information Commissioner[2024] EWCA Civ 1515
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
case F150 Powers of entry and inspection.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case Part VI Miscellaneous and General cross-notes
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Aven & Ors v Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd[2020] EWHC 1812 (QB)
F1 Functions of Commissioner
case F151 General duties of Commissioner.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (4)
- Ben Peter Delo, R (on the application of) v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2022] EWHC 3046 (Admin)
- Stunt v Associated Newspapers Ltd[2017] EWHC 695 (QB)
- Barton v Royal Borough of Greenwich[2015] UKEAT 0041_14_0105
- Secretary of State for Home Department, R (on the application of) v The Information Tribunal[2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin)
F152 Reports and codes of practice to be laid before Parliament.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F152A Data-sharing code
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F152AA Direct marketing code
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F152B data-sharing and direct marketing codes: procedure
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F152C Alteration or replacement of data-sharing and direct marketing codes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F152D Publication of data-sharing and direct marketing codes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F152E Effect of data-sharing and direct marketing codes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F153 Assistance by Commissioner in cases involving processing for the special purposes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F154 International co-operation.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Secretary of State for Home Department, R (on the application of) v The Information Tribunal[2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin)
F154A Inspection of overseas information systems
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1 Unlawful obtaining et ceteralaetc. of personal data
case F155 Unlawful obtaining etc. of personal data.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (20)
- Shepherd v The Information Commissioner[2019] EWCA Crim 2
- Coulson & Anor v R[2013] EWCA Crim 1026
- Tchenguiz & Ors v Imerman (Rev 4)[2010] EWCA Civ 908
- Rooney, R. v[2006] EWCA Crim 1841
- Maloney v Alexander Johnson (A Firm)[2002] EWCA Civ 1544
and 15 more in the case-law panel for this provision
F1Monetary penalties
case F155A Power of Commissioner to impose monetary penalty
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (3)
- Google Inc v Vidal-Hall & Ors[2015] EWCA Civ 311
- DSG Retail Limited v The Information Commissioner[2024] UKUT 287 (AAC)
- Ali & Anor R (on the application of) v Minister for the Cabinet Office the Statistics Board[2012] EWHC 1943 (Admin)
F155B Monetary penalty notices: procedural rights
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F155C Guidance about monetary penalty notices
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F155D Monetary penalty notices: enforcement
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SI F155E Notices under sections 55A and 55B: supplemental
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1 Records obtained under data subject’s right of access
case F156 Prohibition of requirement as to production of certain records.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Shepherd v The Information Commissioner[2019] EWCA Crim 2
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
F157 Avoidance of certain contractual terms relating to health records.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1 Information provided to Commissioner or Tribunal
case F158 Disclosure of information.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Barton v Royal Borough of Greenwich[2015] UKEAT 0041_14_0105
case F159 Confidentiality of information.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1 General provisions relating to offences
F160 Prosecutions and penalties.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F161 Liability of directors etc.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Southern Pacific Personal Loans Ltd, Re[2013] EWHC 2485 (Ch)
Amendments of Consumer Credit Act 1974
62 Amendments of Consumer Credit Act 1974.
(1)M1In section 158 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (duty of agency to disclose filed information)—
(a)in subsection (1)—
(i)in paragraph (a) for “individual” there is substituted “ partnership or other unincorporated body of persons not consisting entirely of bodies corporate ”, and
(ii)for “him” there is substituted “ it ”,
(b)in subsection (2), for “his” there is substituted “ the consumer’s ”, and
(c)in subsection (3), for “him” there is substituted “ the consumer ”.
(2)In section 159 of that Act (correction of wrong information) for subsection (1) there is substituted—
“(1)Any individual (the “objector”) given—
(a)information under section 7 of the Data Protection Act 1998 by a credit reference agency, or
(b)information under section 158,
who considers that an entry in his file is incorrect, and that if it is not corrected he is likely to be prejudiced, may give notice to the agency requiring it either to remove the entry from the file or amend it.”
(3)In subsections (2) to (6) of that section—
(a)for “consumer”, wherever occurring, there is substituted “ objector ”, and
(b)for “Director”, wherever occurring, there is substituted “ the relevant authority ”.
(4)After subsection (6) of that section there is inserted—
“(7)The Data Protection Commissioner may vary or revoke any order made by him under this section.
(8)In this section “the relevant authority” means—
(a)where the objector is a partnership or other unincorporated body of persons, the Director, and
(b)in any other case, the Data Protection Commissioner.”
(5)In section 160 of that Act (alternative procedure for business consumers)—
(a)in subsection (4)—
(i)for “him” there is substituted “ to the consumer ”, and
(ii)in paragraphs (a) and (b) for “he” there is substituted “ the consumer ” and for “his” there is substituted “ the consumer’s ”, and
(b)after subsection (6) there is inserted—
“(7)In this section “consumer” has the same meaning as in section 158.”
F1 General
case F163 Application to Crown.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- Ali & Anor R (on the application of) v Minister for the Cabinet Office the Statistics Board[2012] EWHC 1943 (Admin)
- Lord, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for the Home Department[2003] EWHC 2073 (Admin)
F163A Application to Parliament.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F164 Transmission of notices etc. by electronic or other means.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F165 Service of notices by Commissioner.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F166 Exercise of rights in Scotland by children.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F167 Orders, regulations and rules.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
case F168 Meaning of “accessible record”.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (2)
- K, R (on the application of) v Halton Borough Council[2007] EWHC 2485 (Admin)
- Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank Plc[2005] EWHC 246 (Ch)
case F169 Meaning of “health professional”.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Lewis v Secretary of State for Health & Anor[2008] EWHC 2196 (QB)
case F170 Supplementary definitions.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (9)
- The Christian Institute and others v The Lord Advocate[2016] UKSC 51
- YSL v Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust[2024] EWHC 391 (KB)
- AB v Chief Constable of British Transport Police[2022] EWHC 2749 (KB)
- Aven & Ors v Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd[2020] EWHC 1812 (QB)
- Aven & Ors v Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd[2020] EWHC 523 (QB)
and 4 more in the case-law panel for this provision
F171 Index of defined expressions.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F172 Modifications of Act.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F173 Transitional provisions and savings.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F174 Minor and consequential amendments and repeals and revocations.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F175 Short title, commencement and extent.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCHEDULES
Section 4(1) and (2).
case F1SCHEDULE 1 The data protection principles
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (29)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- R (on the application of Catt) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and another[2015] UKSC 9
- Cooper v National Crime Agency[2019] EWCA Civ 16
- W, X, Y And Z, R (on the application of) v The Secretary of State for Health & Ors[2015] EWCA Civ 1034
- Bhatti& Ors v R.[2015] EWCA Crim 1305
and 24 more in the case-law panel for this provision
Section 4(3).
case F1SCHEDULE 2 Conditions relevant for purposes of the first principle: processing of any personal data
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (25)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- In the matter of an application by JR38 for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland)[2015] UKSC 42
- South Lanarkshire Council v The Scottish Information Commissioner[2013] UKSC 55
- In the matter of the Baronetcy of Pringle of Stichill[2016] UKPC 16
- Cooper v National Crime Agency[2019] EWCA Civ 16
and 20 more in the case-law panel for this provision
Section 4(3).
case F1SCHEDULE 3 Conditions relevant for purposes of the first principle: processing of sensitive personal data
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (19)
- Lloyd v Google LLC[2021] UKSC 50
- In the matter of an application by JR38 for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland)[2015] UKSC 42
- In the matter of the Baronetcy of Pringle of Stichill[2016] UKPC 16
- Cooper v National Crime Agency[2019] EWCA Civ 16
- Chief Constable of Humberside Police & Ors v The Information Commissioner & Anor[2009] EWCA Civ 1079
and 14 more in the case-law panel for this provision
Section 4(3).
F1SCHEDULE 4 Cases where the eighth principle does not apply
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 6(7).
F1SCHEDULE 5 The Data Protection Commissioner . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sections 28(12), 48(5).
case F1 SCHEDULE 6 Appeal proceedings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- Derek Moss v The Royal Borough of Kingston-Upon-Thames & Anor[2023] EWCA Civ 1438
Section 37.
case F1SCHEDULE 7 Miscellaneous exemptions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 39.
case F1SCHEDULE 8 Transitional relief
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cases considering this provision (1)
- HM Attorney General v Covey[2001] EWCA Civ 254
Section 50.
F1 SCHEDULE 9 Powers of entry and inspection
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 53(6).
F1SCHEDULE 10 Further provisions relating to assistance under section 53
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 68(1)(6).
F1SCHEDULE 11 Educational records
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 68(1)(c).
F1SCHEDULE 12 Accessible public records
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 72.
F1SCHEDULE 13 Modifications of Act having effect before 24th October 2007
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 73.
F1SCHEDULE 14 Transitional provisions and savings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 74(1).
SCHEDULE 15 Minor and consequential amendments
F1Public Records Act 1958 (c. 51)
F11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 (c. 13)
F12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1Superannuation Act 1972 (c. 11)
F14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 24)
F15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1Northern Ireland Assembly Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 25)
F16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1Representation of the People Act 1983 (c. 2)
F17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1 Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 (c. 28)
F18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1Football Spectators Act 1989 (c. 37)
F19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1Education (Student Loans) Act 1990 (c. 6)
F110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1Access to Health Records Act 1990 (c. 23)
F111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 In section 5(3) of that Act (cases where right of access may be partially excluded) for the words from the beginning to “record” in the first place where it occurs there is substituted “ Access shall not be given under section 3(2) to any part of a health record ”.
F1 Access to Personal Files and Medical Reports (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 (1991/1707 (N.I. 14))
F114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 In Article 6(1) of that Order (interpretation), in the definition of “health professional”, for “the Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Health) Order 1987” there is substituted “ the Data Protection Act 1998 ”.
Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (c. 53)
16 In Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (tribunals under direct supervision of Council on Tribunals), for paragraph 14 there is substituted—
| “Data protection |
14. (a) The Data Protection Commissioner appointed under section 6 of the Data Protection Act 1998; (b) the Data Protection Tribunal constituted under that section, in respect of its jurisdiction under section 48 of that Act.” |
F1 Access to Health Records (Northern Ireland) Order 1993 (1993/1250 (N.I. 4))
F117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 In Article 5(4) of that Order (cases where fee may be required) in sub-paragraph (a), for “the maximum prescribed under section 21 of the Data Protection Act 1984” there is substituted “ such maximum as may be prescribed for the purposes of this Article by regulations under section 7 of the Data Protection Act 1998 ”.
19 In Article 7 of that Order (cases where right of access may be partially excluded) for the words from the beginning to “record” in the first place where it occurs there is substituted “ Access shall not be given under Article 5(2) to any part of a health record ”.
Section 74(2).
F1SCHEDULE 16 Repeals and revocations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .