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Data Protection Act 1998

1998 CHAPTER 29

An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information.

[16th July 1998]

Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

Part I Preliminary

1 Basic interpretative provisions.

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2 Sensitive personal data.

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3 The special purposes.

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4 The data protection principles.

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5 Application of Act.

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6 The Commissioner . . . .

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Part II Rights of data subjects and others

7 Right of access to personal data.

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8 Provisions supplementary to section 7.

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9 Application of section 7 where data controller is credit reference agency.

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9A Unstructured personal data held by public authorities.

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10 Right to prevent processing likely to cause damage or distress.

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11 Right to prevent processing for purposes of direct marketing.

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12 Rights in relation to automated decision-taking.

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12A Rights of data subjects in relation to exempt manual data.

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13 Compensation for failure to comply with certain requirements.

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14 Rectification, blocking, erasure and destruction.

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15 Jurisdiction and procedure.

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Part III Notification by data controllers

16 Preliminary.

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17 Prohibition on processing without registration.

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18 Notification by data controllers.

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19 Register of notifications.

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20 Duty to notify changes.

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21 Offences.

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22 Preliminary assessment by Commissioner.

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23 Power to make provision for appointment of data protection supervisors.

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24 Duty of certain data controllers to make certain information available.

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25 Functions of Commissioner in relation to making of notification regulations.

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26 Fees regulations.

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Part IV Exemptions

27 Preliminary.

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28 National security.

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29 Crime and taxation.

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30 Health, education and social work.

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31 Regulatory activity.

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32 Journalism, literature and art.

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33 Research, history and statistics.

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33A Manual data held by public authorities.

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34 Information available to the public by or under enactment.

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35A Parliamentary privilege.

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36 Domestic purposes.

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37 Miscellaneous exemptions.

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38 Powers to make further exemptions by order.

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39 Transitional relief.

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Part V Enforcement

40 Enforcement notices.

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41 Cancellation of enforcement notice.

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41A Assessment notices

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41B Assessment notices: limitations

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41C Code of practice about assessment notices

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42 Request for assessment.

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43 Information notices.

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44 Special information notices.

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45 Determination by Commissioner as to the special purposes.

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46 Restriction on enforcement in case of processing for the special purposes.

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47 Failure to comply with notice.

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48 Rights of appeal.

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49 Determination of appeals.

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50 Powers of entry and inspection.

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Part VI Miscellaneous and General

Functions of Commissioner

51 General duties of Commissioner.

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52 Reports and codes of practice to be laid before Parliament.

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52A Data-sharing code

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52AA Direct marketing code

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52B data-sharing and direct marketing codes: procedure

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52C Alteration or replacement of data-sharing and direct marketing codes

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52D Publication of data-sharing and direct marketing codes

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52E Effect of data-sharing and direct marketing codes

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53 Assistance by Commissioner in cases involving processing for the special purposes.

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54 International co-operation.

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54A Inspection of overseas information systems

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Unlawful obtaining et ceteralaetc. of personal data

55 Unlawful obtaining etc. of personal data.

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Monetary penalties

55A Power of Commissioner to impose monetary penalty

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55B Monetary penalty notices: procedural rights

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55C Guidance about monetary penalty notices

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55D Monetary penalty notices: enforcement

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55E Notices under sections 55A and 55B: supplemental

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Records obtained under data subject’s right of access

56 Prohibition of requirement as to production of certain records.

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57 Avoidance of certain contractual terms relating to health records.

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Information provided to Commissioner or Tribunal

58 Disclosure of information.

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59 Confidentiality of information.

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General provisions relating to offences

60 Prosecutions and penalties.

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61 Liability of directors etc.

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Amendments of Consumer Credit Act 1974

62 Amendments of Consumer Credit Act 1974.

(1) In section 158 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (duty of agency to disclose filed information)—

(a) in subsection (1)—

(i) in paragraph (a) for “individual” there is substituted “ partnership or other unincorporated body of persons not consisting entirely of bodies corporate ” , and

(ii) for “him” there is substituted “ it ” ,

(b) in subsection (2), for “his” there is substituted “ the consumer’s ” , and

(c) in subsection (3), for “him” there is substituted “ the consumer ” .

(2) In section 159 of that Act (correction of wrong information) for subsection (1) there is substituted—

“ (1) Any individual (the “ objector ”) given—

(a) information under section 7 of the Data Protection Act 1998 by a credit reference agency, or

(b) information under section 158,

who considers that an entry in his file is incorrect, and that if it is not corrected he is likely to be prejudiced, may give notice to the agency requiring it either to remove the entry from the file or amend it. ”

(3) In subsections (2) to (6) of that section—

(a) for “consumer”, wherever occurring, there is substituted “ objector ” , and

(b) for “Director”, wherever occurring, there is substituted “ the relevant authority ” .

(4) After subsection (6) of that section there is inserted—

“ (7) The Data Protection Commissioner may vary or revoke any order made by him under this section.

(8) In this section “ the relevant authority ” means—

(a) where the objector is a partnership or other unincorporated body of persons, the Director, and

(b) in any other case, the Data Protection Commissioner. ”

(5) In section 160 of that Act (alternative procedure for business consumers)—

(a) in subsection (4)—

(i) for “him” there is substituted “ to the consumer ” , and

(ii) in paragraphs (a) and (b) for “he” there is substituted “ the consumer ” and for “his” there is substituted “ the consumer’s ” , and

(b) after subsection (6) there is inserted—

“ (7) In this section “ consumer ” has the same meaning as in section 158. ”

General

63 Application to Crown.

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63A Application to Parliament.

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64 Transmission of notices etc. by electronic or other means.

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65 Service of notices by Commissioner.

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66 Exercise of rights in Scotland by children.

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67 Orders, regulations and rules.

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68 Meaning of “accessible record”.

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69 Meaning of “health professional”.

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70 Supplementary definitions.

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71 Index of defined expressions.

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72 Modifications of Act.

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73 Transitional provisions and savings.

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74 Minor and consequential amendments and repeals and revocations.

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75 Short title, commencement and extent.

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SCHEDULES

Section 4(1) and (2).

SCHEDULE 1 The data protection principles

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Section 4(3).

SCHEDULE 2 Conditions relevant for purposes of the first principle: processing of any personal data

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Section 4(3).

SCHEDULE 3 Conditions relevant for purposes of the first principle: processing of sensitive personal data

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Section 4(3).

SCHEDULE 4 Cases where the eighth principle does not apply

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Section 6(7).

SCHEDULE 5 The Data Protection Commissioner . . .

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Sections 28(12), 48(5).

SCHEDULE 6 Appeal proceedings

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Section 37.

SCHEDULE 7 Miscellaneous exemptions

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Section 39.

SCHEDULE 8 Transitional relief

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Section 50.

SCHEDULE 9 Powers of entry and inspection

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Section 53(6).

SCHEDULE 10 Further provisions relating to assistance under section 53

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Section 68(1)(6).

SCHEDULE 11 Educational records

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Section 68(1)(c).

SCHEDULE 12 Accessible public records

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Section 72.

SCHEDULE 13 Modifications of Act having effect before 24th October 2007

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Section 73.

SCHEDULE 14 Transitional provisions and savings

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Section 74(1).

SCHEDULE 15 Minor and consequential amendments

Public Records Act 1958 (c. 51)

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 (c. 13)

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Superannuation Act 1972 (c. 11)

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 24)

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Northern Ireland Assembly Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 25)

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Representation of the People Act 1983 (c. 2)

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 (c. 28)

8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Football Spectators Act 1989 (c. 37)

9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Education (Student Loans) Act 1990 (c. 6)

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Access to Health Records Act 1990 (c. 23)

11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 In section 5(3) of that Act (cases where right of access may be partially excluded) for the words from the beginning to “record” in the first place where it occurs there is substituted “ Access shall not be given under section 3(2) to any part of a health record ” .

Access to Personal Files and Medical Reports (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 (1991/1707 (N.I. 14))

14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 In Article 6(1) of that Order (interpretation), in the definition of “ health professional ”, for “the Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Health) Order 1987” there is substituted “ the Data Protection Act 1998 ” .

Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (c. 53)

16 In Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (tribunals under direct supervision of Council on Tribunals), for paragraph 14 there is substituted—

“ Data protection

14.

(a) The Data Protection Commissioner appointed under section 6 of the Data Protection Act 1998;

(b) the Data Protection Tribunal constituted under that section, in respect of its jurisdiction under section 48 of that Act. ”

Access to Health Records (Northern Ireland) Order 1993 (1993/1250 (N.I. 4))

17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 In Article 5(4) of that Order (cases where fee may be required) in sub-paragraph (a), for “the maximum prescribed under section 21 of the Data Protection Act 1984” there is substituted “ such maximum as may be prescribed for the purposes of this Article by regulations under section 7 of the Data Protection Act 1998 ” .

19 In Article 7 of that Order (cases where right of access may be partially excluded) for the words from the beginning to “record” in the first place where it occurs there is substituted “ Access shall not be given under Article 5(2) to any part of a health record ” .

Section 74(2).

SCHEDULE 16 Repeals and revocations

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Status: Data Protection Act 1998 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 07 February 2025. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future date. Changes that have been made appear in the content and are referenced with annotations.
Data Protection Act 1998 (1998/29)

Displaying information

Status of this instrument

footnotecommentarytransitional and savingsin force statusrelated provisionsgeo extentinsert/omitsource countin force adj
C1Act modified (25.5.2018) by Data Protection Act 2018 (c. 12) , s. 212(1) , Sch. 19 para. 432 (with ss. 117 , 209 , 210 , Sch. 20 paras. 58 , 59 ); S.I. 2018/625 , reg. 2(1)(g)
C2Act: power to amend conferred (8.5.2008) by virtue of Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4) , ss. 77(5) , 153
C3Act applied in part (with modifications) in so far as still in force by S.I. 2003/2426, Sch. 1 para. 8AA (as amended) (17.12.2018) by The Privacy and Electronic Communications (Amendment) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/1189) , regs. 1 , 2(2) (3)
C4Pt. VI applied (with modifications) (3.12.2014) by The Criminal Justice and Data Protection (Protocol No. 36) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/3141) , regs. 1(b) , 51(1)(b)
F1Act repealed (except s. 62, Sch. 15 paras. 13, 15, 16, 18, 19) (25.5.2018) by Data Protection Act 2018 (c. 12) , s. 212(1) , Sch. 19 para. 44 (with ss. 117 , 209 , 210 , Sch. 20 paras. 2-9 , 17-25 , 27-46 , 53 , 54 , 58 ); S.I. 2018/625 , reg. 2(1)(g)this amendment (text repealed) should be read in conjunction with other related provisions, see the commentary.repealed
M11974 c. 39 .
Defined TermSection/ArticleIDScope of Application
Changes that affect Made by
Sort descending by Changed Legislation Sort descending by Year and Number Changed Provision Type of effect Sort descending by Affecting Legislation Title Sort descending by Year and Number Affecting Provision Sort descending by Changes made to website text Note
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 Pt. 3 omitted Digital Economy Act 2017 2017 c. 30 s. 111(2) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 33A(1)(e) omitted Digital Economy Act 2017 2017 c. 30 s. 111(3) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 71 words omitted Digital Economy Act 2017 2017 c. 30 s. 111(4) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 Sch. 1 Pt. 2 para. 5(b) and word omitted Digital Economy Act 2017 2017 c. 30 s. 111(5) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 Sch. 5 para. 9(1) words inserted Digital Economy Act 2017 2017 c. 30 s. 111(6) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 Sch. 14 para. 2 omitted Digital Economy Act 2017 2017 c. 30 s. 111(7) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 31(4)(a) (va) inserted Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 2016 c. 21 Sch. 3 para. 13 Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 69(3)(f) words omitted Health and Social Care Act 2012 2012 c. 7 Sch. 14 para. 74 Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 20(2) words repealed Coroners and Justice Act 2009 2009 c. 25 Sch. 20 para. 4(a) Sch. 23 Pt. 8 Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 20(2)(a) words inserted Coroners and Justice Act 2009 2009 c. 25 Sch. 20 para. 4(b) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 20(2)(aa) inserted Coroners and Justice Act 2009 2009 c. 25 Sch. 20 para. 4(c) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 20(2)(b) words inserted Coroners and Justice Act 2009 2009 c. 25 Sch. 20 para. 4(d) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 55(2)(ca) inserted Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 2008 c. 4 s. 78 Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 31(6) words inserted NHS Redress Act 2006 2006 c. 44 s. 14(10) Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 Sch. 9 para. 1(1) words inserted Courts Act 2003 2003 c. 39 Sch. 4 para. 8 Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 Sch. 12 para. 4 Table words repealed Housing (Scotland) Act 2001 2001 asp 10 Sch. 10 para. 26 Not yet
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 Sch. 12 para. 5(3) words repealed Housing (Scotland) Act 2001 2001 asp 10 Sch. 10 para. 26 Not yet
Changes that affect Made by
Sort descending by Changed Legislation Sort descending by Year and Number Changed Provision Type of effect Sort descending by Affecting Legislation Title Sort descending by Year and Number Affecting Provision Sort descending by Changes made to website text Note
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 56 coming into force The Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2008 2008 No. 1592 art. 2 Yes
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 56 coming into force The Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2011 2011 No. 601 art. 2 Yes
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 s. 56 coming into force The Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2015 2015 No. 312 art. 2 Yes
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 Appt. day for spec. provns. The Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 2000 2000 No. 183 art. 2(2) Yes
Data Protection Act 1998 1998 c. 29 C/O Commencement Order The Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 2000 2000 No. 183 art. 2(2) Yes
  • Data Protection (Assessment Notices) (Designation of National Health Service Bodies) Order 2014 (2014/3282)
  • Data Protection (Conditions under Paragraph 3 of Part II of Schedule 1) Order 2000 (2000/185)
  • Data Protection (Corporate Finance Exemption) Order 2000 (2000/184)
  • Data Protection (Crown Appointments) Order 2000 (2000/416)
  • Data Protection (Designated Codes of Practice) (No. 2) Order 2000 (2000/1864)
  • Data Protection (Designated Codes of Practice) Order 2000 (2000/418)
  • Data Protection (Functions of Designated Authority) Order 2000 (2000/186)
  • Data Protection (International Co-operation) Order 2000 (2000/190)
  • Data Protection (Miscellaneous Subject Access Exemptions) (Amendment) Order 2000 (2000/1865)
  • Data Protection (Miscellaneous Subject Access Exemptions) Order 2000 (2000/419)
  • Data Protection (Monetary Penalties) (Maximum Penalty and Notices) Regulations 2010 (2010/31)
  • Data Protection (Monetary Penalties) Order 2010 (2010/910)
  • Data Protection (Notification and Notification Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (2001/3214)
  • Data Protection (Notification and Notification Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 2009 (2009/1677)
  • Data Protection (Notification and Notification Fees) Regulations 2000 (2000/188)
  • Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) (Elected Representatives) Order 2002 (2002/2905)
  • Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) Order 2000 (2000/417)
  • Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) Order 2006 (2006/2068)
  • Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) Order 2009 (2009/1811)
  • Data Protection (Processing of Sensitive Personal Data) Order 2012 (2012/1978)
  • Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Education) Order 2000 (2000/414)
  • Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Health) Order 2000 (2000/413)
  • Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Social Work) (Amendment) Order 2005 (2005/467)
  • Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Social Work) (Amendment) Order 2011 (2011/1034)
  • Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Social Work) Order 2000 (2000/415)
  • Data Protection (Subject Access) (Fees and Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (2001/3223)
  • Data Protection (Subject Access) (Fees and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2000 (2000/191)
  • Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2008 (2008/1592)
  • Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2011 (2011/601)
  • Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2015 (2015/312)
  • Data Protection Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 2000 (2000/183)
  • Data Protection Tribunal (Enforcement Appeals) Rules 2000 (2000/189)
  • Data Protection Tribunal (National Security Appeals) (Telecommunications) Rules 2000 (2000/731)
  • Data Protection Tribunal (National Security Appeals) Rules 2000 (2000/206)
  • Freedom of Information and Data Protection (Appropriate Limit and Fees) Regulations 2004 (2004/3244)
  • Information Tribunal (Enforcement Appeals) (Amendment) Rules 2002 (2002/2722)
  • Information Tribunal (Enforcement Appeals) (Amendment) Rules 2005 (2005/450)
  • Information Tribunal (Enforcement Appeals) Rules 2005 (2005/14)
  • Information Tribunal (National Security Appeals) Rules 2005 (2005/13)
  • Tribunal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2010 (2010/43)

Status of changes to instrument text

The list includes made instruments, both those in force and those yet to come into force. Typically, instruments that are not yet in force (hence their changes are not incorporated into the text above) are indicated by description 'not yet' in the changes made column.