Insolvency Act 1986, section 172

Removal, etc. (winding up by the court)

Part IV Winding Up of Companies Registered under the Companies Acts

(1)This section applies with respect to the removal from office and vacation of office of the liquidator of a company which is being wound up by the court, or of a provisional liquidator.

(2)Subject as follows, the liquidator may be removed from office only by an order of the court or by a [F358decision of the company's creditors made by a qualifying decision procedure instigatedF358] specially for that purpose in accordance with the rules; and a provisional liquidator may be removed from office only by an order of the court.

(3)Where—

(a)F359the official receiver is liquidator otherwise than in succession under section 136(3) to a person who held office as a result of a nomination by ... the company’s creditors or contributories, or

(b)the liquidator was appointed by the court otherwise than under section 139(4)(a) or 140(1), or was appointed by the Secretary of State,

[F360 a qualifying decision procedure such as is mentioned in subsection (2) shall be instigated only if the liquidator thinks fit, the court so directs, or itF360] is requested, in accordance with the rules, by not less than one-quarter, in value, of the creditors.

(4)If appointed by the Secretary of State, the liquidator may be removed from office by a direction of the Secretary of State.

(5)A liquidator or provisional liquidator, not being the official receiver, shall vacate office if he ceases to be a person who is qualified to act as an insolvency practitioner in relation to the company.

(6)A liquidator may, in the prescribed circumstances, resign his office by giving notice of his resignation to the court.

(7)Where an order is made under section 204 (early dissolution in Scotland) for the dissolution of the company, the liquidator shall vacate office when the dissolution of the company takes effect in accordance with that section.

[F361 (8)Where the liquidator has produced an account of the winding up under section 146 (final account), the liquidator vacates office as soon as the liquidator has complied with section 146(4) (requirement to send account etc. to registrar and to court).F361]

[F362 (9)Subsection (10) applies where, immediately before a liquidator gives notice to the court and the registrar under subsection (8) (or, where the liquidator gives notice to the court and the registrar on different days, immediately before the liquidator gives the first of those notices), there are EU insolvency proceedings open in respect of the company in one or more other member States.

(10)The liquidator must send to the court and the registrar, with the notice, a statement—

(a)identifying those proceedings,

(b)identifying the member State liquidator appointed in each of those proceedings, and

(c)indicating, in relation to each of those member State liquidators, whether that member State liquidator consents to the company being dissolved.F362]

Definitions used in section 172 2

the company

2 Section 233B does not apply in relation to a contract for the supply of goods or services to a company (“the company”) where any of paragraphs 3 to 11 applies.

Defined in Sch.4ZZA para.2 · see it in the full Act
consent

(3) But where the administrator has made a statement under paragraph 52(1)(b) “consent” means—

(a) consent of each secured creditor of the company, or

(b) if the administrator thinks that a distribution may be made to preferential creditors, consent of—

(i) each secured creditor of the company, and

(ii) the preferential creditors of the company.

Defined in Sch.B1 para.108(3) · see it in the full Act

Cases considering section 172 9

Donaldson v O'Sullivan

[2008] EWCA Civ 879 · 30 July 2008

Confirms the removal mechanism for a liquidator in a compulsory liquidation. The Court of Appeal holds that removal does not preclude the court appointing a replacement. (see paras [24], [43])

Edennote Ltd, Re

[1996] EWCA Civ 1349 · 21 May 1996Interprets

Section 172 was treated as the governing provision for removing a liquidator appointed in a compulsory winding up. (see “The removal of Mr Ryman as liquidator”) Subsection (1) was applied to identify the statutory regime governing removal from office in a court winding up. (see “The removal of Mr Ryman as liquidator”) The court applied subsection (2) as permitting removal by court order and held that, despite the absence of express words, removal required adequate cause. (see “The removal of Mr Ryman as liquidator”) The court recorded subsection (3) as regulating when a creditors’ meeting could be summoned to replace a liquidator appointed by the Secretary of State. (see “The removal of Mr Ryman as liquidator”) Subsection (3)(b) was used to identify the procedural significance of the liquidator’s appointment by the Secretary of State. (see “The removal of Mr Ryman as liquidator”) Cited only.

Parrot Pay Limited (in liquidation) v Goddington Pierce Limited (in provisional liquidation)

[2023] EWHC 2774 (Ch) · 24 October 2023

Applies the power to remove the official receiver and appoint the existing provisional liquidators and a conflict liquidator as liquidators of the company. (see paras [15]-[18])

What each judgment says about section 172 is in the case-law panel in the full Act.

Amendments and notes

11 notes from legislation.gov.uk

Amendments

  1. F358Words in s. 172(2) substituted (26.5.2015 for specified purposes, 6.4.2017 for E.W. in so far as not already in force, 6.4.2019 for S. in so far as not already in force) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), s. 164(1), Sch. 9 para. 43(2); S.I. 2015/1329, reg. 3(d); S.I. 2016/1020, reg. 4(e) (with reg. 5) (as amended by S.I. 2017/363, reg. 3); S.I. 2019/816, reg. 4(c) (with reg. 5)
  2. F359Words in s. 172(3)(a) omitted (26.5.2015 for specified purposes, 6.4.2017 for E.W. in so far as not already in force, 6.4.2019 for S. in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), s. 164(1), Sch. 9 para. 43(3)(a); S.I. 2015/1329, reg. 3(d); S.I. 2016/1020, reg. 4(e) (with reg. 5) (as amended by S.I. 2017/363, reg. 3); S.I. 2019/816, reg. 4(c) (with reg. 5)
  3. F360Words in s. 172(3) substituted (26.5.2015 for specified purposes, 6.4.2017 for E.W. in so far as not already in force, 6.4.2019 for S. in so far as not already in force) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), s. 164(1), Sch. 9 para. 43(3)(b); S.I. 2015/1329, reg. 3(d); S.I. 2016/1020, reg. 4(e) (with reg. 5) (as amended by S.I. 2017/363, reg. 3); S.I. 2019/816, reg. 4(c) (with reg. 5)
  4. F361S. 172(8) substituted (26.5.2015 for specified purposes, 6.4.2017 for E.W. in so far as not already in force, 6.4.2019 for S. in so far as not already in force) by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), s. 164(1), Sch. 9 para. 43(4); S.I. 2015/1329, reg. 3(d); S.I. 2016/1020, reg. 4(e) (with reg. 5) (as amended by S.I. 2017/363, reg. 3); S.I. 2019/816, reg. 4(c) (with reg. 5)
  5. F362S. 172(9)(10) inserted (S.) (26.6.2017) by The Insolvency Amendment (EU 2015/848) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/702), reg. 1, Sch. para. 57 (with regs. 3, 4) (which affecting provision is omitted (6.4.2019) by virtue of S.I. 2019/816, reg. 6(3))

Modifications

  1. C484S. 172 applied (with modifications) (1.12.1994) by S.I. 1994/2421, art. 8(3)(9), Sch. 4 Pt. II para. 21
  2. C485S. 172 applied (with modifications) (17.2.2009 for certain purposes, otherwise 21.2.2009) by Banking Act 2009 (c. 1), ss. 103, 263(1)(2) (with s. 247); S.I. 2009/296, arts. 2, 3, Sch. para. 2
  3. C486S. 172 applied (with modifications) (6.6.2013) by The Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (Contractual Scheme) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/1388), Pt. 3 reg. 1, Sch. 2 paras. 3, 5 Table (with reg. 24)
  4. C487S. 172 applied (with modifications) (S.) (6.4.2001) by S.S.I. 2001/128, reg. 4(1), Sch. 2 (as amended (S.) (8.12.2017) by The Insolvency (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/1119), reg. 1(1), Sch. 1 para. 57(3))
  5. C488S. 172 applied (with modifications) (4.1.2024) by S.I. 2021/716, Sch. 1 para. 3 (as amended by The Payment and Electronic Money Institution Insolvency (Amendment) Regulations 2023 (S.I. 2023/1399), regs. 1(2), 20)
  6. C489S. 172(8) amended (1.12.2001) by S.I. 2001/1228, arts. 1(2)(c)(3), 32(1); S.I. 2001/3538, art. 2(1)